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Xanthium strumarium - rough cocklebur

Scientific Family
Asteraceae
Synonyms
Xanthium acerosum, Xanthium californicum, Xanthium californicum var. rotundifolium, Xanthium campestre, Xanthium canadense
Other common names
common cocklebur
Canada cockleburr
cocklebur
cockleburr
Plant type
Forbs and Subshrubs
Origin
Native
Lifecycle
Annual
Height
To 5 feet
Riparian
Yes

Bushy annual with spiny burs that get tangled in fur and fabric.

Annual, moderately to much branched; leaf blades triangular or broadly ovate, green beneath; flower heads inconspicuous in sessile axillary clusters; flowers produce brownish or yellowish-brownish ellipsoid burs; found in moist, disturbed areas.

Habitat

Waste places, disturbed moist areas, fallow fields, sandy flood plains and shorelines, stream and river banks, margins of ponds and lakes; sandy and alkaline soils.

Plant Community
Disturbed Areas
Riparian
Low elevation
1000
High elevation
7000

Flower Characteristics

Male flowers are tiny, in clusters at top of stem. Female flower heads are in leaf axils and form spiny, up to 1-1/2 inches long burs.

Flower color
Greenish
Flower shape
Inconspicuous
Tubular
No
First bloom month
July
Last bloom month
October
Flower clusters
Rounded

Leaf and Stem Characteristics

Triangular or broadly egg-shaped to circular or kidney-shaped, 1-1/2 to 7-1/2 inches long, 1 to 6 inches wide; surfaces rough-hairy, palmately veined; margins coarsely-toothed and un-lobed or with 3 or 5 shallow lobes; tip rounded or broadly pointed.

Leaf type
Simple
Leaf color
Yellowish-green
Leaf shape
Triangular
Leaf margin
Toothed
Leaf attachment
Alternate
Leaves clasp
No
Leaf hairs
Leaves & stems
Spines
No

Fruit and Seed Characteristics

Fruits are cylindrical to barrel-shaped and hard, spiny burs; green drying to brown; burs can stick to fur and clothing and can be very difficult to extract.

Fruit type
Other
Fruit color
Brownish or yellowish-brown

Burs contain 2 seeds each in their own compartment. One of the seeds in each bur may germinate the following year with the other seed taking at least 2 years to germinate.